Publications about the Reliability and Validity of the MIDSA

In the following sections all extant empirical studies and reviews that examine the reliability and validity of the MIDSA scales are organized by the primary issues that they address. Because some studies focus on multiple issues, they are categorized in multiple sections. Information on scale reliability is presented both in a separate section below and in the MIDSA Clinical Manual (MIDSA, 2011). Information about the validity of MIDSA scales is described in the specific sections.

All questions about the MIDSA research described below or help accessing the articles can be addressed to knight2@brandeis.edu.

Psychometric Properties

Although many of the research papers in the lists cited below report internal consistencies of the basic MIDSA scales, the studies in this section are the most comprehensive sources of the reliability of the scales, both test-retest and internal consistencies.

Knight, R. A., & Cerce, D. D. (1999). Validation and revision of the Multidimensional Assessment of Sex and Aggression. Psychologica Belgica, 39-2/3, 187-213.

Knight, R. A., Prentky, R. A., & Cerce, D. D. (1994). The development, reliability, and validity of an inventory for the Multidimensional Assessment of Sex and Aggression. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 21, 72-94.

Treatment Domain Research

The primary objective of the MIDSA is to identify optimal treatment targets. In this section the first article focuses on the overall assessment of treatment domains for juveniles, highlighting the contribution of the MIDSA to assessing critical treatment domains for adolescents who have sexually offended. The subsequent sections concentrate on the research done on specific domains that should be considered in treatment planning for both adults and juveniles.

Review of Assessing Treatment Targets

Knight, R. A., & Sims-Knight, J. E. (2014). Assessment of dynamic treatment targets for juveniles who sexually offend. In D. Bromberg, & W. O’Donahue (Eds.), Toolkit for working with sexual offenders, Amsterdam: Elsevier, Inc.

Hypersexuality

Hypersexuality is typically defined as a condition that is characterized by intense and frequent sexual activities or urges that result in distress and/or impairment of an individual (Kafka, 2010). These sexual behaviors involve “genital stimulation or preparatory fondling with phenotypically normal, physically mature, consenting human partners (p. 686; DSM-5).” This condition has been found to covary with recidivism among individuals who have sexually offended (e.g., Hanson & Morton-Bourgon, 2004; Kingston & Bradford, 2013). Furthermore, it has been found to play an important role in the etiological and typological models of sexually aggressive behavior (e.g., Knight, 2024; Knight & Sims-Knight, 2003, 2004, 2011, 2016). Consequently, it should be an important target for assessment and treatment for individuals who have sexually offended (Andrews & Bonta, 2010; Marshall & Marshall, 2006).

This section includes research that has used the MIDSA to study etiological and structural issues of hypersexuality.

Three of these studies examined the developmental antecedents of hypersexuality in adults and juveniles and found that emotional abuse by a male caregiver and a history of sexual abuse contribute to the development of hypersexuality in both adults and juveniles (Davis & Knight, 2019a, 2019b; Kingston et al., 2016).
Two studies found that measures of hypersexuality are distributed dimensionally and show no evidence of any categorical structure (Graham et al., 2015; Walters et al., 2011).
Two papers provide evidence that hypersexuality is not a univocal trait, but rather it can be divided into Problematic Sexuality and Sexual Drive subdimensions that covary differentially with subdimensions of impulsivity (Du & Knight, 2024; Knight & Du, 2021).
One study demonstrated the comparable covariation between sexual fantasy and behavior and self-acknowledged sexually coercive behavior in both criminal and non-criminal samples (Ronis et al., 2022).
Finally, two studies (Williams et al., 2009; Yoon & Knight, 2011) investigated constructs with which hypersexuality covaries (i.e., its nomological network).

Taken together, these findings attest to the construct validity of the MIDSA hypersexuality scales.

Davis, K. A., & Knight, R. A. (2019a). The relation of childhood abuse experiences to problematic sexual behaviors in male youths who have sexually offended. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(7), 2149-2169. doi: 10.1007/s10508-018-1279-3

Davis, K. A., & Knight, R. A. (2019b). Childhood maltreatment experiences and problematic sexual outcomes in adult males who have sexually offended: Further evidence of the potency of male caregiver psychological abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104097

Du, R., & Knight, R. A. (2024). The structure of hypersexuality and its relation to impulsivity. Archived of Sexual Behavior. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-024-02828-2

Graham, F., J., Walters, G. D., Harris, D. A., & Knight, R. A. (2015). Is hypersexuality dimensional or categorical? Evidence from male and femalecollege samples. Journal of Sex Research, 53(2), 224-238. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2014.1003524

Kingston, D. A., Graham, F. J., & Knight, R. A. (2017). Relations between adverse childhood experiences and adult hypersexuality in adult sexual offenders. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(3),707-720. doi: 10.1007/s10508-016-0873-5

Knight, R. A., & Du, R. (2021). The structure, covariates, and etiology of hypersexuality: Implications for sexual offending. Current Psychiatry Reports, 23, 50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-021-01260-w

Ronis, S. T., Knight, R. A., & Molen, L. M. (2020). The covariation of sexual fantasies and behaviors among self-identified sexually aggressive criminal and non-criminal samples. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, doi: 10.1177/0306624X19895905

Walters, G. D., Knight, R. A., & Långström, N. (2011). Is hypersexuality dimensional? Evidence for the DSM-5 from general population and clinical samples, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(6),1309-1321,doi: 10.1007/s10508-010-9719-8.

Williams, K. M., Cooper, B. S., Howell, T. M., Yuille, J. C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2009). Inferring sexually deviant behavior from corresponding fantasies: The role of personality and pornography consumption. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36, 198-222. http://cjb.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/36/2/198

Yoon, J., & Knight, R. A. (2011). Sexual material perception in sexually coercive males: Disattending deficit and its covariates. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 23(2), 275-292. http://sax.sagepub.com/content/early/2011/03/18/1079063210391104

Psychopathic Traits and Sexual Aggression

Over the last half century, the role of psychopathy and its subdimensions in sexually aggressive behavior has become increasingly more evident.

Knight (Knight, 2010, 2025; Knight & King, 2012; Knight & Prentky, 1990) chronicled the growing importance of psychopathic subdimensions in typologies for both individuals who sexually aggress against adults and those who abuse children.
Likewise, the major psychopathy facets have been found to contribute substantially to etiological models of sexual aggression against women and children (Daversa & Knight, 2007; Knight & Sims-Knight, 2003, 2011, 2016).
As Knight and Guay (2006, 2018) have documented, the role of psychopathy in sexual aggression is also supported both by the increased risk for sexual coercion among individuals high on psychopathy and by the high incidence of psychopathy among individuals convicted of sexual offending.

Psychopathy, and especially its Antisocial facit, continues to be a strong predictor of criminal and violent offense recidivism in sexually and nonsexually aggressive samples (Knight & Guay, 2018). In contrast, its prediction of subsequent sexually aggressive behavior has been less consistent (Hawes et al., 2013), showing stronger predictive potency for sexual recidivism among individuals who have offended against adults than those who have aggressed against children (Parent et al., 2011). Because of its role in predicting general and violent recidivism and its consistent role in predicting sexual recidivism in those sexually offending against women, the facets of psychopathy are important treatment targets for individuals who have sexually offended. The MIDSA provides assessments of the Interpersonal, Affective, Lifetime Impulsivity, and Antisocial facets of psychopathy.

The research on psychopathy using the MIDSA has focused on identifying its major covariates and its developmental antecedents. In the MIDSA-based etiological models of sexually aggression behavior the subcomponents of psychopathy play a prominent role in mediating the relation between developmental antecedents like emotional and sexual abuse and sexually aggressive behavior against both children and adults (Daversa & Knight, 2007; Knight & Sims-Knight, 2011). Consistent with the etiological models, the dimensions of psychopathy have been found to covary with other important aspects of sexual aggression like hypersexuality (Du & Knight, 2024), the amount of damage done to victims in sexual crimes (Cardona et al., 2020), and sadism, or what we now refer to as the Agonistic Continuum (Krstic et al., 2018; Robertson & Knight, 2014). The cross-sample, cross-method consistency of these covariations supports the construct validity of the MIDSA scales for the subcomponents of psychopathy.

Cardona, N., Berman, A., Sims-Knight, J. E., & Knight, R. A. (2020). Covariates of violence perpetrated in sex offenses: Psychopathy and borderline characteristics. Sexual Abuse, 32(2), 154-178.doi: 10.1177/1079063218807485

Daversa, M. T. & Knight, R. A. (2007). A structural examination of the predictors of sexual coercion against children in adolescent sexual offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 1313-1333.

Du, R., & Knight, R. A. (2024). The structure of hypersexuality and its relation to impulsivity. Archived of Sexual Behavior. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-024-02828-2

Knight, R. A., & Guay, J. P. (2006). The role of psychopathy in sexual offenders against women. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 512-532). New York: Wiley.

Knight, R. A., & Guay, J.-P. (2018). The role of psychopathy in sexual coercion against women: An update and expansion. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy, Vol. II. (pp. 662-681). New York: The Guilford Press.

Knight, R. A., & Sims-Knight, J. E. (2011). Risk factors for sexual violence. In J. W. White, M. P. Koss, & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Violence against women and children, Volume 1: Mapping the terrain. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Krstic, S., Knight, R. A., & Robertson, C. A. (2015). The developmental antecedents of the facets of psychopathy: The role of multiple abuse experiences. Journal of Personality Disorders, 29, 1-17. doi: 10.1521%2Fpedi_2015_29_223

Krstic, S., Longpré, N.,Robertson, C., & Knight, R.A. (2018). Psychopathy, sexual sadism, and sexual offending. In M. DeLesi (Ed.), Routledge International Handbook of Psychopathy and Crime. Routledge: London, UK.

Robertson, C. A., & Knight, R. A. (2014). Relating sexual sadism and psychopathy to one another, non-sexual violence, and sexual crime behaviors. Aggressive Behavior, 40(1), 12-23. doi: 10.1002/ab.21505

Sadism and Paraphilic Coercion

Research on sexual sadism has increased substantially in the past quarter century with marked increases both after DSM-IV-TR limited the diagnosis of a sadistic disorder to sex with nonconsenting individuals and during the revision of the DSM-5, when questions about the relation between paraphilic coercion and sadism emerged. In the research during and after DSM-5, a model of sadism, called the Agonistic Continuum, emerged (Knight, 2010; Knight & Longpré, 2021). It conceptualized the construct as a dimension ranging from no coercive fantasies to paraphilic sexual fantasies and behaviors, to sexual arousal to humiliation and bondage, to sexual arousal to victim harm and fear, and finally to sexual arousal to torture and death of the victim (Knight et al., 2013; Longpré et al., 2020). This dimension is an important component of the MIDSA model for the etiology of rape (Knight & Sims-Knight, 2011).

MIDSA research on the Agonistic Continuum has corroborated that it is distributed dimensionally and not categorically (e.g., Knight et al., 2013; Knight & Thornton, 2024; Longpré et al., 2020).
Studies using the MIDSA have mapped the developmental antecedents of the Agonistic Continuum (Krstic et al., 2018; Robertson et al., 2018).
The covariation of the Agonistic Continuum both with hypersexuality and with aspects of Knight and Sims-Knight’s (2011) Callous/ Manipulativeness and the Meanness factor in Patrick et al.’s (2009) Triarchic model of psychopathy (Longpré et al., 2019) have been corroborated.
The consistency of factor and IRT analyses across offender and community samples (e.g., Davidson & Healey, 2024; Longpré & Knight, 2025) attests to the stability and validity of the construct.

The argument that paraphilic coercion and more serious aspects of sadism are part of the same continuum has challenged the two major organizational schemata for the paraphilias, both of which propose that paraphilic coercion and sadism are separate entities (Freund & Blanchard, 1986; Freund & Seto, 1998; Money,1986). Knight and Longpré (2021) found that a hierarchical three-factor model constituted a better organizational structure for the paraphilias than those previously proposed: a Sexual Anomalies factor (exhibitionism, voyeurism, transvestism, scatologia, and fetishism), a Pedophilic factor (child sexual arousal, cognitive distortions about children, and child pornography use), and an Agonistic Continuum factor (sadistic behavior, sadistic fantasy, and paraphilic coercion [PC]). Subsequent cluster and factor analytic studies of sexual interest and paraphilic behavior and fantasies have yielded results that either strongly support the structure that Knight and Longpré proposed (Androvičová et al., 2021; Lehmann et al., 2024; Paquette & Brouillette-Alarie, 2020, Seto et al., 2024) or partially support this organization with some possible splitting of PC among factors (cf. Molen et al., 2023; Schippers et al., 2021).

Davidson, M., & Healey, J. (2024). Assessing the Agonistic Continuum Scale as a measure of sexual sadism in a sample of community members and BDSM practitioners, Sexual Offending: Theory, Research, and Prevention, 19, Article e13829. https://doi.org/10.5964/sotrap.13829

Knight, R. A. (2010). Is a diagnostic category for paraphilic coercive disorder defensible? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 419-426. doi: 10.1007/s10508-009-9571-x

Knight R. A., & Longpré, N. (2021). The structure and measurement of sadism: Implications for validation. In L. A. Craig, & R. Bartels (Eds.), Sexual deviance: Understanding and managing paraphilic disorders, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Knight, R. A., Sims-Knight, J. E., & Guay, J.-P. (2013). Is a separate disorder category defensible for paraphilic coercion? Journal of Criminal Justice, 41, 90-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2012.11.002

Longpré, N., & Knight, R. A. (2025). Development and validation of The Agonistic ContinuumScale (TACS). Assessment. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911251382063

Longpré, N., Sims-Knight, J. E., Neumann, C. S., Guay, J. P., & Knight, R. A. (2020). Is paraphilic coercion a different construct from sadism or simply the lower end of a continuum anchored at the high end by sadism? Journal of Criminal Justice, 71, Article 101743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101743

Robertson, C. A., Graham, F. J., Krstic, S. K., & Knight, R. A. (2018). The etiology of forensic sexual sadism: From experiential perturbations to symptomatology. In J. Proulx, A. Carter, E. Beauregard, A. Mokros, R. Darjee, & J. James (Eds.), International Handbook of Sexual Homicide (pp. 269-281),London, UK: Routledge.

Sexual Coercion

Although sexual coercion has been simply defined as, “pressure from a partner to engage in sexual behavior” (Waldner et al., 1999, p. 523), quantification of the severity of such coercion has remained elusive. Although several measures of sexual coercion have been generated (Camilleri, et al., 2009; Shackelford & Goetz, 2004; Straus, et al., 1996), they have typically been developed in the context of casual dating or intimate relationships with small samples. Also, a valid assessment of the severity of such coercion is lacking. Coercion comprises two severity subcomponents, different coercive tactics and different levels of sexual behavior (He et al., 2013). Using MIDSA data from a large sample of individuals who were incarcerated for sexually aggressive behavior, Raiche et al. (2024) used factor analysis, IRT, and taxometrics to identify an optimal sexual coercion severity measure. They found that the MIDSA items factored into specific tactics and IRT ordered these tactics into a psychometrically sound probabilistic Guttman scale that was dimensionally and not categorically distributed. Knight and Sims-Knight (2018) replicated their results on a large sample of college students using an expanded range of tactics. They also measured sexual harassment, which focuses on insulting and degrading attitudes or behaviors toward women and unwanted sexual attention (Fitzgerald et al., 1995), and they found that their sexual coercion scale could not be differentiated from sexual harassment. Rather, sexual harassment items were distributed along a general coercion/harassment dimension.

Raiche, A.-P., Guay, J.-P., & Knight, R. A. (2024). Development and validation of the MIDSA-SC scale. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 30(3), 441-462. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2023.2292023

Risk of Recidivism

The scales of the MIDSA assess those areas that are critical for risk management and treatment planning (Mann et al., 2010; Thornton, 2016). They assess the major domains that are measured by dynamic risk assessment instruments, and they provide a comparison of the respondent’s status on these traits relative to a community sample and sexual offender samples. Estimates of the Structured Risk Assessment: Forensic Version (SRA:FV; Thornton & Knight, 2015) are provided in the adult report. Knight et al. (2009) used MIDSA data on adults and juveniles to generate speculations about exploring new risk factors.

Knight, R. A., Ronis, S. T., & Zakireh, B. (2009). Bootstrapping persistence risk indicators for juveniles who sexually offend. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 27, 878-909. doi: 10.1002/bsl.908

Specific Groups Assessed

In addition to MIDSA studies directed at specific assessment domains, a number of studies have been directed at the differentiation of specific groups of individuals who have sexually offended, and the developmental antecedents of their behavior.

Females Who Have Sexually Offended

Harris, D. A., Robertson, A. L., & Sims-Knight, J. (2022). Understanding adolescent girls in custody using the Multidimensional Inventory of Development, Sex, and Aggression (MIDSA). Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 15, 37-46. doi: 10.1007/s40653-021-00348-y

Parent, G., Robillard, M. P., & Guay, J. P. (2018). La coercition sexuelle perpétrée par la femme: Mise à l’épreuve d’un modèle étiologique [Sexual coercion perpetrated by women: Reproduction of an etiological model]. Sexologies, 27, 113–121. doi:10.1016/j.sexol.2018.02.007

Schatzel-Murphy, E., Harris, D., Knight, R. A., & Milburn, M. (2009). Sexual coercion in men and women: Similar behaviors, different predictors. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 974-986. doi: 10.1007/s10508-009-9481-y

Males Who Have Sexually Offended

Juvenile Males

The MIDSA has a version written specifically for juveniles. Adolescents with a fourth grade reading level can answer it. Computer administration of the MIDSA helps adolescents with attentional problems to focus. The publications examining the use of the MIDSA for juveniles comprise (a) comparisons of its assessment of critical treatment targets to that of other instruments, (b) comparisons of juveniles who sexually offend both to adults who sexually offend and to juveniles who commit other offenses, (c) etiological studies of coercive sexual age preferences, hypersexuality, and antisociality and psychopathic traits, and (d) explorations of risk factors for juveniles.

Berman, A. K., & Knight, R. A. (2014). The relation of familiarity with sexual abusers to subsequent adaptation in youth who have sexually offended. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 27(6), 587-608. doi: 10.1177/1079063214544329

Daversa, M. T. & Knight, R. A. (2007). A structural examination of the predictors of sexual coercion against children in adolescent sexual offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 1313-1333. doi: 10.1177/0093854807302411

Davis, K. A., & Knight, R. A. (2019). The relation of childhood abuse experiences to problematic sexual behaviors in male youths who have sexually offended. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(7), 2149-2169. doi: 10.1007/s10508-018-1279-3

Grabell, A., & Knight, R. A. (2009). Examining childhood abuse patterns and critical periods in juvenile sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 21, 208-222.

Johnson, G. M., & Knight, R. A. (2000). Developmental antecedents of sexual coercion in juvenile sex offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 12, 165-178.

Knight, R. A. (2004). Comparisons between juvenile and adult sexual offenders on the Multidimensional Assessment of Sex and Aggression. In G. O’Reilly, W. L. Marshall, R. Beckett, & A. Carr (Eds.), Handbook of clinical interventions with young people who sexually abuse (pp. 203-233). London: Routledge.

Knight, R. A., & Prentky, R. A. (1993). Exploring the characteristics for classifying juvenile sexual offenders. In H. E. Barbaree, W. L. Marshall, & S. M. Hudson (Eds.), The juvenile sex offender (pp. 45-83). New York: Guilford Press

Knight, R. A., Ronis, S. T., & Zakireh, B. (2009). Bootstrapping persistence risk indicators for juveniles who sexually offend. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 27, 878-909.

Knight, R. A., & Sims-Knight, J. E. (2004). Testing an etiological model for male juvenile sexual offending against females. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 13, 33-55.

Miner, M. H., Berg, D., Knight, R. A., Robinson, B. E., Swinburne Romine, R., & Netland, J. (2010). Understanding sexual perpetration against children: Effects of attachment style, interpersonal involvement, and hypersexuality. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 22(1), 58-77. doi: 10.1177/1079063209353183

Miner, M. H., Swinburne-Romine, R., Robinson, B. E., Berg, D., & Knight, R. A. (2016). Anxious attachment, social isolation, and sexuality: Predictors of child sexual abuse perpetration in adolescent males? Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 28(2), 132-153. doi:10.1177/1079063214547585

Newstrom, N. P., Romine, R. S., & Miner, M. H. (2024). Roots of sexual abuse: A pathway model for adolescents who offend. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 39(5-6), 1268-1290. doi: 10.1177/08862605231204899

Parent, G., Piché, M.-È., Laurier, C., Guay, J-P., & Knight, R. A. (2023). An inclusivetypology of youths convicted of sexual and non-sexual crime. Journal of Sexual Aggression. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2023.2179677

Zakireh, B., Ronis, S. T., & Knight, R. A. (2008). Individual beliefs, attitudes, and victimization histories of male juvenile sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 20, 323-351.

Adult Males

The MIDSA has provided the data for the recent revisions of our child molestation and rape typologies and has supported the validity of these revised typologies. The MIDSA was originally designed to assesses all the components in each typology. The MIDSA papers about adult male typologies are divided into three sections: general considerations, adults offending against children, and adults offending against adult females.

General Typological Considerations for Adult Males and the MIDSA

Knight, R. A. (2025). Classification models for individuals who have sexually aggressed. In R. J. Tully, G. Bohall, & D. S. Prescott (Eds.), Best Practices in Sexual Offender Assessment and Management (pp. 35-64). London:Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-83135-5_3

Adult Males Who Have Offended Against Children

Knight, R. A., & King, M. W. (2012). Typologies for child molesters: The generation of a new structural model. In B. K. Schwartz (Ed.), The Sexual Offender, Vol. 7, Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute, Inc.

Adults Males Who Have Sexually Offended Against Adult Women

Knight, R. A. (1999). Validation of a typology for rapists. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 297-323.

Knight, R. A. (2010). Typologies for rapists: The generation of a new structural model. In A. Schlank, (Ed.), The sexual predator, Volume four (pp. 17-1 – 17-28). NY: Civic Research Institute.

Knight, R. A., & Sims-Knight, J. E. (2016). A theoretical integration of aetiological and typological models of rape. In D. P. Boer (Ed.), The Wiley handbook on the theories, assessment, & treatment of sexual offending. New York: Wiley.

Developmental Antecedents and Etiology

The MIDSA has been the core instrument in our explorations of the developmental antecedents of rape and child molestation. Its extensive developmental history and contingency-based questioning provide detailed information on sexual, physical, and emotional abuse, on caregiver acceptance/neglect, on caregiver instability, and on the experience of vicarious violence. The MIDSA has contributed to the generation of etiological models for rape and child molestation, to the detailed study of the effects of sexual and nonsexual abuse, and to identifying the developmental antecedents of hypersexuality, psychopathy, and sadism (i.e., the Agonistic Continuum).

Daversa, M. T. & Knight, R. A. (2007). A structural examination of the predictors of sexual coercion against children in adolescent sexual offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 1313-1333.

Davis, K. A., & Knight, R. A. (2019). Childhood maltreatment experiences and problematic sexual outcomes in adult males who have sexually offended: Further evidence of the potency of male caregiver psychological abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104097

Grabell, A., & Knight, R. A. (2009). Examining childhood abuse patterns and critical periods in juvenile sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 21, 208-222.

Johnson, G. M., & Knight, R. A. (2000). Developmental antecedents of sexual coercion in juvenile sex offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 12, 165-178.

Knight, R. A., & Sims-Knight, J. E. (2003). Developmental antecedents of sexual coercion against women: Testing of alternative hypotheses with structural equation modeling. In R. A. Prentky, E. Janus, & M. Seto (Eds.), Sexual coercion: Understanding and management (pp. 72-85). New York: New York Academy of Sciences.

Knight, R. A., & Sims-Knight, J. E. (2004). Testing an etiological model for male juvenile sexual offending against females. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 13, 33-55. doi: 10.1300/J070v13n03_03

Knight, R. A., & Sims-Knight, J. E. (2009, September). Using rapist risk factors to set an agenda for rape prevention. Harrisburg, PA: VAWnet, a project of the National Resource Center on Domestic Violence/Pennsylvania Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Retrieved month/day/year, from: http://www.vawnet.org.

Kosson, D. S., Schraft, C. V., Brieman, C. L., McBride, C. K., & Knight, R. A. (2021). Parental Rejecting Behaviors: Validating a behaviorally based youth-report measure of parental emotional abuse.Assessment, 28(3), 899-917. doi: 10.1177/107319112091894

Miner, M. H., Swinburne-Romine, R., Robinson, B. E., Berg, D., & Knight, R. A. (2016). Anxious attachment, social isolation, and sexuality: predictors of child sexual abuse perpetration in adolescent males? Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 28(2), 132-153. doi:10.1177/1079063214547585

Newstrom, N. P., Romine, R. S., & Miner, M. H. (2023). Roots of sexual abuse: A pathway model for adolescents who offend. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Online publication first. doi: 10.1177/08862605231204899

Schatzel-Murphy, E., Harris, D., Knight, R. A., & Milburn, M. (2009). Sexual Coercion in Men and Women: Similar Behaviors, Different Predictors. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 974-986. doi: 10.1007/s10508-009-9481-y

Additional Non-MIDSA References Cited Above

Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2010). The psychology of criminal conduct. New Providence, New Jersey: Matthew Bender & Company, Inc.

Androvičová, R., Bártová, K., Krejčová, L., & Klapilová, K. (2021). The sexual landscape – Visualizing relationships among various normophilic and paraphilic sexual arousal patterns in online representative national sample using advanced mathematical modelling. Paper presented at the 40^th Annual Conference of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, Beaverton, OR Virtual Conference.

Camilleri, J. A., Quinsey, V. L., & Tapscott, J. L. (2009). Assessing the propensity for sexual coaxing and coercion in relationships: Factor structure, reliability, and validity of the tactics to obtain sex scale. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(6), 959–973. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9377-2

He, S., Tsang, S., & Li, C. (2013). A revision of the sexual coercion in intimate relationships scale for young adults in China. Violence and Victims, 28(3), 483–495. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.11-00124

Fitzgerald, L. F., Gelfand, M. J. & Drasgow, F. (1995). Measuring sexual harassment: Theoretical and psychometric advances. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17(4), 425-445.

Freund, K., & Blanchard, R. (1986). The concept of courtship disorder. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 12(2), 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00926238608415397

Freund, K., & Seto, M. C. (1998). Preferential rape in the theory of courtship disorder. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 27(5), 433–443.

Hanson, R. K., & Morton-Bourgon, K. (2004). Predictors of sexual recidivism: An updated meta-analysis 2004-02. Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada.

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